Good Laboratory Practices

Good Laboratory Practices

Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) is an official regulation that was created by the FDA in 1978. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, … Read more

Haemolysis of Streptococci and its types with examples

Haemolysis of Streptococci and its types with examples

Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells (RBC). A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin. Brown (1919) introduced three terms alpha, beta and gamma to indicate three types of streptococci based on haemolytic reactions observed on blood agar plates. Beta-hemolytic Streptococci Beta-hemolysis (β-hemolysis) is … Read more

Normal Laboratory Values of Blood, Plasma, Serum, Urine, CSF and Stool

Normal Laboratory Values of Blood, Plasma, Serum, Urine, CSF and Stool

Normal Laboratory Values: Blood, Plasma, and Serum Test Specimen Conventional Units SI Units Acetoacetate Plasma < 1 mg/dL < 0.1 mmol/L Acetylcholinesterase (ACE), RBC Blood 26.7–49.2 U/g Hb — Acid phosphatase Serum 0.5–5.5 U/L 0–0.9 μkat/L Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) Plasma 25–35 sec — … Read more

Types of Crystals in Urine

Calcium carbonate crystals

Uric acid crystals invariably form in acidic urine, typically with a urine pH < 5.5. Uric acid is soluble in alkaline urine, preventing the precipitation of urate crystals. The inability of uric acid to crystallize at urine pH > 7.0 is the rationale for urinary alkalinization in patients at … Read more