Immunology

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – Properties, Structure and Functions

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Properties of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Structure of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Subclasses of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) There are four subclasses of IgG: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 which are differentiated on the position of interchain disulfide bonds, basis of the size of the hinge region and … Read more

Difference between O Antigen and H Antigen

Difference between O Antigen and H Antigen

The antigen used to define serological test of Salmonella include Somatic O antigen, Flagellar H antigen and Vi antigen (Capsular antigen). Some of the differences between O Antigen and H Antigen are as follows: S.N. Characteristics O Antigen H Antigen 1. Types Somatic Antigen Flagellar … Read more

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test for the diagnosis of Syphilis

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test for the diagnosis of Syphilis

Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) is macroscopic, non treponemal, flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum. RPR is simple test can be done within few minutes. This test is less sensitive than treponemal test in early syphilis infection. Two types of … Read more

Difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

S.N. Characteristics Innate Immunity Adaptive immunity 1. Presence Innate immunity is something already present in the body. Adaptive immunity is created in response to exposure to a foreign substance. 2. Specificity Non-Specific Specific 3. Response Fights any foreign invader Fight only specific infection 4. Response … Read more

Differences Between Antigen and Antibody

Differences Between Antigen and Antibody

Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, Y-shaped molecules are proteins manufactured by the body that help fight against foreign substances called antigens. Antigens are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi that cause infection and disease. Following … Read more

Differences Between B-Cells and T-Cells

Differences between B-Cells and T-Cells

Although mature lymphocytes all look pretty much alike, they are extraordinarily diverse in their functions. The most abundant lymphocytes are: B lymphocytes (often simply called B cells) andT lymphocytes (likewise called T cells). Some of the differences between B Cells and T Cells are as follows: … Read more

Antigen- Properties, Types and Determinants of Antigenicity

Incomplete Antigen or Hapten

Antigen is a substances usually protein in nature and sometimes polysaccharide, that generates a specific immune response and induces the formation of a specific antibody or specially sensitized T cells or both. Although all antigens are recognized by specific lymphocytes or by antibodies, only some … Read more

Antibody- Structure, Classes and Functions

Structure of Antibody

Antibody (Ab) also know as Immunoglobulin (Ig) is the large Y shaped protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens like bacteria and viruses. The production of antibodies is a major function of the immune system and is carried out by a … Read more