CAMP test is used to distinguish the species Streptococcus agalactiae from other species of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. S. agalactiae, a member of the Lancefield Group B streptococci, is one of the causative agents of mastitis in cows. CAMP is an acronym for the authors of this … Read more
S.N. Characteristics Anthrax Bacilli Anthracoid Bacilli 1. Motility Non-Motile Generally Motile 2. Capsule Capsulated Non-Capsulated 3. Shape Grow in long chains Grow in short chains 4. Medusa Head Colony Present Not Present 5. Growth in Penicillin Agar (10 units/ml) No Growth Grow Usually 6. Hemolysis … Read more
S.N. Characteristics Mold Yeast 1 Habitat Typically found in damp, dark or steam-filled areas. Very common. Can be found on fruit and berries, in the stomach of mammals and on skin, among other places. 2 Cell Multicellular (multiple celled) Unicellular (one cell) 3 Shape Filamentous … Read more
A. Cell Wall Associated Virulence Factors Functions Peptidoglycan – Pyrogenicity – Complement Activation – Inhibition of leukocyte migration Techoic Acid – Adherence to mucosal surfaces Capsule – Diffusion Barrier – Prevents Phagocytosis – Capsular serotypes 5 and 8 are most frequently associated with bacteremia and … Read more
Characteristics Salmonella Typhi Capsule Negative (-ve) Catalase Positive (+ve) Citrate Negative (-ve) Flagella Positive (+ve) Gas Negative (-ve) Gelatin Hydrolysis Negative (-ve) Gram Staining Negative (-ve) Growth in KCN Negative (-ve) H2S Positive (+ve) Indole Negative (-ve) Motility Motile MR (Methyl Red) Positive (+ve) MUG … Read more
Media Uses · Alkaline Peptone Water Enrichment media for Vibrio cholerae · Alkaline Salt Transport Medium · Taurocholate Peptone Transport Medium Transport media for diarrheal diseases suspected of being caused by V. cholerae · Anaerobic Media Liquid media by addition of · Glucose (0.5 % … Read more
Characteristics Klebsiella pneumoniae Capsule +ve Catalase +ve Citrate +ve Flagella -ve Gas +ve Gelatin Hydrolysis -ve Gram Staining -ve Growth in KCN +ve H2S -ve Indole -ve Motility -ve MR (Methyl Red) -ve MUG Test +ve Nitrate Reduction +ve OF (Oxidative-Fermentative) Fermentative Oxidase -ve Pigment … Read more
It is also known as TriCarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle. In prokaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The cycle was first elucidated by scientist “Sir Hans Adolf Krebs” … Read more
The hepatitis B virus is a DNA virus belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family causing hepatitis B in humans. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Group: Group VII (dsDNA-RT)Family: HepadnaviridaeGenus: OrthohepadnavirusSpecies: Hepatitis B virus … Read more
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne emerging flavivirus which was first identified in Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. It was later identified in humans in 1968 for the first time in Nigeria. Different outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia … Read more
C-Reactive Protein (CRP), also known as Pentraxin 1, is a non-glycosylated protein in the Pentraxin family that also includes Pentraxin 2/SAP and Pentraxin 3/TSG-14. CRP is an acute phase reactant, a protein made by the liver and released into the blood within a few hours after … Read more
Benedict’s Test is used to test for simple carbohydrates. The Benedict’s test identifies reducing sugars (monosaccharide’s and some disaccharides), which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups. Benedict’s solution can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine. Some sugars such as glucose are called … Read more
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis are both Gram Negative Bacteria. They are diplococci, non-sporing, non-motile and oxidase positive. But they have some differences which are as follows: S.N. Characteristics Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis 1 Referred as Referred to as gonococcus. Referred to as meningococcus. 2 … Read more
Selenite F Broth is the medium used for the selective enrichment of Salmonella spp from both clinical and food samples. It is a buffered Lactose Peptone Broth to which Sodium Biselenite is added as the selective agent. Selenite-F Broth was devised by Leifson, who demonstrated that selenite … Read more
Simmons Citrate Agar is an agar medium used for the differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae based on the utilization of citrate as the sole source of carbon. In the early 1920s, Koser developed a liquid medium formulation for the differentiation of fecal coliforms from the coliform group. … Read more
TCBS Agar is used for the selective isolation of cholera vibrios and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from a variety of clinical and nonclinical specimens. Vibrio species are most widely recognized for their role in human intestinal infections, and cholera and V. parahaemolyticus diarrhea are important worldwide. All pathogenic Vibrio spp., except Vibrio hollisae, will grow … Read more
Meningitis and encephalitis may be the most terrifying diseases in medicine. Bacterial meningitis and viral encephalitis may be rapidly fatal, even in healthy persons. Survivors may suffer lasting neurological sequelae, including memory loss and seizures. Viral meningitis, by contrast, gives patients a bad headache and … Read more
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are both Gram positive organisms and cocci in shape. They are Non-motile, Non-Sporing and Facultative anaerobes. But they possess some of the differences which are as follows: S.N. Characteristics Staphylococcus Streptococcus 1 Arrangement Grape-like clusters. A chain of round cells. 2 Division Staphylococci divide in various … Read more
S.N. Characteristics Chickenpox Smallpox 1 Causative Agent Varicella Zoster Virus (Herpes Virus) Variola virus (Pox Virus) 2 Incubation period 14-21 days 7-17 days 3 Severity Chickenpox is less deadly comparing to small pox. Smallpox is deadly severe comparing to chicken pox. 4 Lesions Lesions first … Read more
Influenza Virus are remarkable because of the frequent antigenic change that occurs in HA (hemagglutinin) or NA (neuraminidase). The two surface antigens of influenza undergo antigenic variation independent of each other. They are Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift. Some of the Differences Between Antigenic Shift … Read more
Although bacteria and viruses both are very small to be seen without a microscope, there are many differences between Bacteria and Viruses. Some of the Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses are as follows: S.N. Characteristics Bacteria Viruses 1 Size Larger (1000 nm) Smaller (20-400 nm) … Read more
Red Blood Cells/ Corpuscles (RBC) are also called “Erythrocytes” while White Blood Cells/ Corpuscles (WBC) are also called “Leukocytes”. Some of the differences between Red Blood Cells/ Corpuscles (RBC) and White Blood Cells/ Corpuscles (WBC) are as follows: S.N. Differences Red Blood Cells/ Corpuscles (RBC) White … Read more
Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) is the selective medium which is used for the cultivation and isolation of Mycobacterium species. It was developed by Lowenstein who incorporated congo red and malachite green to inhibit unwanted bacteria. The present formulation, a glycerated egg-based medium, is based upon Jensen’s modification. Jensen’s version eliminates … Read more
Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, Y-shaped molecules are proteins manufactured by the body that help fight against foreign substances called antigens. Antigens are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi that cause infection and disease. Following … Read more
Mitosis is a process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell. Meiosis is a type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half … Read more
Although mature lymphocytes all look pretty much alike, they are extraordinarily diverse in their functions. The most abundant lymphocytes are: B lymphocytes (often simply called B cells) andT lymphocytes (likewise called T cells). Some of the differences between B Cells and T Cells are as follows: … Read more
MacConkey agar (MAC) was the first solid differential media to be formulated which was developed at 20th century by Alfred Theodore MacConkey. MacConkey agar is a selective and differential media used for the isolation and differentiation of non-fastidious gram-negative rods, particularly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and the … Read more
The main purpose of Negative staining is to study the morphological shape, size and arrangement of the bacteria cells that is difficult to stain. eg: Spirilla. It can also be used to stain cells that are too delicate to be heat-fixed. It is also used to prepare biological … Read more
In 1922, Dorner published a method for staining endospores. Shaeffer and Fulton modified Dorner’s method in 1933 to make the process faster The endospore stain is a differential stain which selectively stains bacterial endospores. The main purpose of endospore staining is to differentiate bacterial spores from … Read more
The main purpose of capsule stain is to distinguish capsular material from the bacterial cell. A capsule is a gelatinous outer layer secreted by bacterial cell and that surrounds and adheres to the cell wall. Most capsules are composed of polysaccharides, but some are composed … Read more